Melasma, a widespread skin condition, manifests itself through patches of dark, discolored skin predominantly on the facial areas such as the cheeks, forehead, and upper lip. While its prevalence is higher among women, particularly those with darker skin tones, men can also experience its effects. The patches of hyperpigmentation associated with melasma come in various sizes and shapes, often causing distress for those affected by its visual impact. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of melasma, exploring its manifestations and prevalence. Additionally, we aim to provide insights into coping mechanisms and find out how to treat melasma using various medical and at-home approaches.
The root cause of melasma
The precise cause of melasma remains elusive, yet it is believed to stem from a blend of genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Hormonal shifts, such as those occurring during pregnancy or while using oral contraceptives, are known to act as triggers for melasma. Furthermore, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning devices is recognized as a factor that can exacerbate the condition.
Melasma is ultimately linked to the excessive production of melanin, the pigment responsible for the coloration of our skin, hair, and eyes. Certain elements, including hormonal fluctuations and sun exposure, are thought to stimulate melanin production, resulting in the emergence of dark patches on the skin.
Symptoms and diagnosis
The primary symptom of melasma is the presence of patches that are brown or gray-brown in colour on the face. These patches are usually symmetrical and have well-defined borders. They typically appear on the bridge of the nose, cheeks, forehead, and upper lip. In some cases, melasma can also affect other sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the arms and neck.
To confirm melasma, a dermatologist will examine the affected areas of the skin and check the patient’s medical history. In some cases, a Wood’s lamp examination may be performed to assess the depth of pigmentation. This involves shining a special ultraviolet light on the skin to reveal any underlying pigmentation that may not be visible to the naked eye.
Invasive treatments
In cases where melasma is severe or resistant to other treatments, invasive procedures may be considered. These procedures aim to remove or lighten the dark patches of pigmentation on the skin. Some common invasive treatments for melasma include:
- Chemical peels: A chemical solution is applied to peel the skin’s top layer and allow the growth of new, healthier skin cells. This can help reduce the appearance of melasma.
- Microdermabrasion: This procedure involves using a special device to gently exfoliate the outer layer of the skin, improving its texture and tone. It can help lighten melasma patches over time.
- Laser therapy: Laser treatments use targeted beams of light to break up the pigmentation in melasma patches. This can help reduce the appearance of dark spots and even out the skin tone.
Non-invasive treatments
Non-invasive procedures are usually the initial treatments against melasma. These treatments focus on reducing pigmentation and preventing further darkening of the skin. Some common non-invasive treatments for melasma include:
- Topical creams: Doctor-prescribed creams with ingredients like hydroquinone, retinoids, or corticosteroids can help lighten melasma patches over time. These creams are typically applied directly to the affected areas of the skin.
- Cosmeceuticals: Over-the-counter products that contain active ingredients like vitamin C, kojic acid, or azelaic acid can help reduce pigmentation and improve the overall appearance of melasma.
- Sun protection: Since sun exposure can worsen melasma, it is essential to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. This can be done by wearing broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF, using sun protective clothing, and avoiding peak sun hours.
Medication options
In some cases, oral medications may be prescribed to help manage melasma. These medications work by regulating the production of melanin in the skin. Some common medications used for melasma treatment include:
- Tranexamic acid: This medication helps reduce pigmentation by inhibiting the production of melanin in the skin.
- Oral contraceptives: For women whose melasma is triggered by hormonal changes, certain oral contraceptives may be prescribed to help stabilize hormone levels and reduce pigmentation.
- Topical corticosteroids: In cases where inflammation is a contributing factor to melasma, topical corticosteroids may be prescribed to help reduce inflammation and lighten the skin.
At-home remedies
In addition to medical treatments, there are several at-home remedies that may help improve the appearance of melasma. It is important to note that these remedies may not work for everyone, and results may vary.
- Natural skin lighteners: Ingredients such as lemon juice, apple cider vinegar, or aloe vera may help lighten melasma patches when applied topically. However, you should exercise caution and perform a patch test before applying these remedies to the entire face.
- Gentle exfoliation: Regular exfoliation can help remove dead skin cells and promote the growth of new, healthy skin. Make sure to use gentle exfoliants and avoid harsh scrubbing, as this can worsen melasma.
- Dietary changes: Some studies suggest that certain dietary changes, such as increasing intake of antioxidants and avoiding trigger foods, may help improve melasma. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can support overall skin health as well.
How to prevent melasma
Preventing melasma us not always possible, but there are steps that can be taken to minimize the risk and reduce the severity of flare-ups.
Sun protection is the first and most important step. This includes using sunscreen with a high SPF, staying under the shade when the sun is at its peak, and wearing clothing that protects the skin from the sun’s rays, such as wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses.
For individuals whose melasma is triggered by hormonal changes, it may be helpful to discuss hormonal management options with a healthcare professional. This may involve adjusting contraceptive methods or hormone replacement therapy.
Identifying and avoiding triggers that worsen melasma can help prevent flare-ups. These triggers may include certain medications, skincare products, or activities that increase the risk of sun exposure. Stress can exacerbate melasma symptoms, too, so make sure to engage in stress-reducing activities such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises to manage stress levels and potentially improve melasma.
Getting enough restful sleep is a step that does not only prevent melasma but is also essential for overall skin health. Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night to support the body’s natural healing processes.
Lastly, you should opt for a gentle skincare routine that includes mild cleansers, moisturizers, and non-irritating products and avoid harsh scrubs or abrasive ingredients that can irritate the skin and worsen melasma.
Harmony Aesthetics Clinic
101 Irrawaddy Road, #09-01
Royal Square Medical Centre,
Singapore 329565
https://harmonyaesthetics.sg/
Phone: 6970 5418
Whatsapp: 8822 3089
